Nestled in the heart of Sri Lanka, Polonnaruwa is a fascinating destination that offers a glimpse into the island nation’s rich cultural and architectural heritage. Once the thriving capital of mediaeval Sri Lanka, Polonnaruwa is now an archaeological treasure trove that attracts visitors worldwide.
Dating back to the 10th century, Polonnaruwa served as the second capital of Sri Lanka after the destruction of Anuradhapura. It was founded by King Parakramabahu I and flourished as a political, economic, and cultural centre from the 11th to the 13th century. During this time, Polonnaruwa was a bustling city home to numerous temples, palaces, and other architectural marvels. Its strategic location on the banks of the Mahaweli River made it a hub for trade and commerce, as well as cultural exchanges with neighbouring regions.
Today, Polonnaruwa is an important UNESCO World Heritage site that offers visitors a chance to step back in time and explore the city’s rich history. Some key attractions in Polonnaruwa include the Royal Palace, the Quadrangle, the Vatadage, the Gal Vihara, and the Lotus Pond. Each of these sites offers a unique glimpse into the city’s past, from the intricately carved stone sculptures of the Gal Vihara to the ancient bathing pools of the Lotus Pond.
Architectural Marvels:
The city is home to an impressive collection of well-maintained ancient structures that display the advanced architectural and engineering skills of the builders of the past. One of the most iconic landmarks is the Royal Palace complex, which comprises the Audience Hall, Council Chamber, and the king’s residential quarters. The intricate carvings on the stone pillars and the layout of these structures provide valuable insights into the grandeur of the ancient Sinhalese civilization.
Another must-see attraction is the Gal Vihara, a group of colossal Buddha statues intricately carved into a granite rock face. These statues, including the renowned standing Buddha, demonstrate the artistic prowess of the craftsmen of that era. Visitors can witness the intricate details of the statues up close, including the folds of the robes and the serene expressions on the faces.
The Parakrama Samudra is another impressive ancient structure that reflects the engineering brilliance of ancient Sri Lankans. This irrigation reservoir was constructed during King Parakramabahu’s reign and is still functional today. The reservoir, which covers an area of around 2,500 hectares, is an excellent example of ancient irrigation techniques and the ability of the ancient Sri Lankans to manage water resources sustainably. A visit to this site provides visitors with a glimpse into the ingenuity of the people of the past.
Sacred Temples:
Polonnaruwa is home to several fascinating and awe-inspiring ancient temples. These temples are not only significant for their religious value but also for their unique architectural styles that showcase the cultural diversity and influences of the region.
One such temple is the Rankoth Vehera, a massive stupa that dominates the city’s skyline. This stupa is considered one of the most significant architectural marvels in Sri Lanka. It is a prominent symbol of Buddhist devotion. The temple dates back to the 12th century and is believed to have been built by King Nissanka Malla.
Another temple that stands out for its architectural beauty is the Lankatilaka Temple. This temple is a fusion of Sinhalese and South Indian architectural styles. It is known for its exquisite carvings and a towering Buddha statue. The temple is believed to have been built during the reign of King Parakramabahu the Great in the 12th century.
Archaeological Museum:
If you plan to visit this city, you must visit the Archaeological Museum. The museum is an excellent place to explore Polonnaruwa’s historical artefacts and relics.
The Archaeological Museum houses a diverse collection of artefacts, sculptures, and historical relics discovered during various excavations in the city. The exhibits are well-preserved and curated, providing visitors with an in-depth understanding of the city’s history and cultural richness. The museum also has a comprehensive collection of photographs, maps, and other historical documents that provide insights into the city’s past.
Recognizing its historical significance, the Sri Lankan government has taken several steps to preserve and conserve the city’s heritage. The government has collaborated with international organizations to undertake several preservation and restoration projects. These efforts have helped to safeguard the city’s cultural richness, ensuring that it remains a significant historical site for future generations to admire.
Explore a plethora of fascinating sites
Suppose you’re planning to visit the historic city of Polonnaruwa. In that case, you’ll have the opportunity to explore many fascinating sites that offer detailed insights into the rich history and culture of ancient Sri Lanka. Here are some key attractions that you should definitely study in Polonnaruwa:
Royal Palace Complex: The Royal Palace was built by King Parakramabahu I, and housed several buildings and structures, including the Audience Hall, the Council Chamber, and the Kumara Pokuna. The Audience Hall features intricately carved stone pillars and an elevated throne platform where the king held audiences. The Council Chamber served as the king’s assembly hall, where he met with his ministers and discussed state affairs. The Kumara Pokuna is a bathing pool for the royals and is an excellent example of ancient engineering.
Gal Vihara: Gal Vihara is an impressive rock temple showcasing four colossal Buddha statues carved into the granite rock face. These include a standing Buddha (7m tall), a seated Buddha (11m tall), and two reclining Buddhas (14m and 21m long). These statues are considered some of the finest examples of ancient Sinhalese sculpting.
Parakrama Samudra: Parakrama Samudra is a massive ancient reservoir built by King Parakramabahu I. This impressive feat of engineering was built to collect and store water for the city’s inhabitants during the dry season. The reservoir spans over 2,500 hectares and is surrounded by scenic landscapes and lush vegetation.
Rankoth Vehera: Rankoth Vehera is a prominent stupa, one of the largest in Polonnaruwa. The stupa is nearly 55m tall and is believed to have been built by King Nissanka Malla in the 12th century. It is considered an excellent example of ancient Sri Lankan architecture. It represents the religious significance of Buddhism in the region.
Lankatilaka Temple: Lankatilaka Temple is a well-preserved temple showcasing a blend of Sinhalese and South Indian architectural styles. The temple’s towering Buddha statue is nearly 14m tall and one of Sri Lanka’s most significant. The temple also features intricately carved stone pillars and a beautiful moonstone.
Archaeological Museum: The Archaeological Museum is an excellent place to gain a deeper understanding of Polonnaruwa’s history. The museum houses a diverse collection of artefacts and historical relics, including ancient coins, statues, pottery, and other items of historical significance.
Thuparama Gedige: Thuparama Gedige is a unique structure that combines Hindu and Buddhist architectural elements. The building’s design reflects the religious diversity of the region. It is believed to have been built during the 11th or 12th century.
Shiva Devale No. 2: Shiva Devale No. 2 is one of the Shiva temples in Polonnaruwa that reflects the influence of Hinduism during the medieval period. The temple’s design showcases intricate carvings and is an excellent example of ancient Hindu architecture.
Statue of King Parakramabahu I: The impressive statue of King Parakramabahu I stands over 12m tall and is located in Polonnaruwa’s city centre. The statue represents the king’s crucial role in the city’s development and is considered an important cultural symbol.
Potgul Vihara: Potgul Vihara is a unique monastery known for its circular design and the remains of a circular preaching hall. The monastery is believed to have been built during the 12th century. It is an excellent example of ancient Sri Lankan architecture.
As you explore these sites, take time to appreciate the intricate carvings, architectural details, and the serene ambience that pervades the ancient city. Guided tours are available to provide historical context and enrich your experience with stories of the city’s past glory. Polonnaruwa’s UNESCO World Heritage status ensures that these archaeological wonders are preserved for generations, offering a captivating journey into Sri Lanka’s cultural heritage.
How to go there from Colombo
Polonnaruwa is approximately 216 kilometres (134 miles) northeast of Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka. There are several transportation options available to travel from Colombo to Polonnaruwa.
By Train:
You can take a train from Colombo Fort Railway Station to Polonnaruwa. The train journey offers stunning views of the countryside. The train ride takes approximately 4-5 hours, and you can enjoy the landscapes along the way.
By Bus:
Public buses regularly operate between Colombo and Polonnaruwa. The journey by bus may take around 5-6 hours, depending on traffic and the specific route. Buses depart from the Central Bus Stand in Colombo.
By Private Vehicle:
A private car or taxi can be hired for a more comfortable and direct journey. The drive from Colombo to Polonnaruwa typically takes around 4-5 hours, depending on traffic conditions. Private vehicles offer the flexibility to stop at scenic spots along the way.
By Air:
Although Polonnaruwa does not have its own airport, you can take a domestic flight from Colombo to the nearby Sigiriya Airport. From Sigiriya Airport, it’s a relatively short drive to Polonnaruwa.
Combination of Train and Tuk-Tuk:
You can take the train to Habarana or Sigiriya, relatively close to Polonnaruwa. From there, you can hire a tuk-tuk or taxi for the remaining journey to Polonnaruwa.
Travel Tips:
Here are some travel tips that you should keep in mind before embarking on your journey:
Train and Bus Schedules: As they may vary, check the train and bus schedules in advance.
Traffic Conditions: If travelling by road, be aware of potential traffic congestion, especially during peak hours.
Comfort: Consider the duration and comfort of the journey when choosing transportation options.
Planning your route based on your preferences and schedule before starting your journey is advisable. Also, remember that travel conditions may change. Hence, verifying transportation options and schedules closer to your travel date is a good idea.
Conclusion:
The historic city of Polonnaruwa stands as a living testament to the grandeur of Sri Lanka’s ancient civilisations. Its architectural marvels, religious sanctuaries, and cultural richness provide a captivating journey into the island’s past. As visitors explore the well-preserved remnants of this once-thriving capital, they are sure to be enchanted by Polonnaruwa’s timeless charm and historical significance.
