Nestled in the heart of Sri Lanka’s verdant landscapes, the ancient city of Polonnaruwa stands as a majestic testament to the island’s rich cultural heritage and architectural prowess.
Once the thriving mediaeval capital, Polonnaruwa’s ruins today stand as a poignant reminder of the island’s storied past.
Recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage site, this captivating city beckons travellers and history enthusiasts to wander its ancient walkways, discover its magnificent monuments, and immerse themselves in the stories etched in stone.
A Glimpse into History
Polonnaruwa, renowned as the second capital of Sri Lanka during the mediaeval period, played a pivotal role in the island’s history.
It reached its zenith under the rule of King Parakramabahu I in the 12th century, marking an era of tremendous prosperity and significant cultural achievements.
The city’s architectural marvels, intricate irrigation systems, and artistic expressions from this golden age have left an indelible legacy that continues to captivate and inspire visitors from across the globe.
Architectural Marvels
Polonnaruwa boasts an extraordinary assortment of ruins and monuments that offer a captivating glimpse into a bygone era.
The Royal Palace complex, characterised by its intricate layout and remnants of past grandeur, provides a fascinating window into the opulent lifestyle of the royal inhabitants of that time.
The Gal Vihara, a remarkable group of rock temples adorned with colossal Buddha statues intricately carved into the granite cliffs, is a beautiful testament to the island’s vibrant artistic and religious heritage.
The Sacred Quadrangle
At the heart of the ancient city of Polonnaruwa lies the Sacred Quadrangle, a historically significant precinct that houses a collection of revered religious monuments.
One of the most prominent structures in this precinct is the Vatadage, an architectural marvel characterised by its circular design and intricate stone carvings.
Another notable monument is the Hatadage, which once enshrined the Sacred Tooth Relic of Buddha, signifying its utmost spiritual importance.
These awe-inspiring structures not only serve as a testament to the architectural brilliance of the era but also stand as symbols of the profound spiritual heritage that Polonnaruwa held for its inhabitants.
Beyond the Monuments
Polonnaruwa is a historically and culturally significant city that goes beyond being a mere collection of ancient ruins.It serves as a testament to Sri Lanka’s vibrant and enduring culture and traditions.
The city’s sophisticated irrigation systems, exemplified by the expansive Parakrama Samudra reservoir, not only showcase the technological advancements of the time but also emphasise their pivotal role in sustaining and nurturing a prosperous and thriving civilisation.
Visitor Experience
Visitors to Polonnaruwa are transported back in time as they meander through the well-preserved ancient streets adorned with intricate statues and enchanting carvings that depict a rich tapestry of history and culture.
The city’s majestic walls provide a sense of what life was like in ancient times. Exploring the site on foot or by bicycle offers a delightful and immersive experience, allowing visitors to fully absorb Polonnaruwa’s many fascinating wonders.
Conservation Efforts and facts
Preservation efforts spearheaded by UNESCO, in collaboration with local authorities, play a pivotal role in upholding Polonnaruwa’s historical significance.
These multifaceted initiatives encompass comprehensive maintenance of the site’s ancient monuments, protection from natural elements, and implementing sustainable practices.
The concerted efforts ensure that Polonnaruwa’s rich heritage remains unblemished, allowing future generations to immerse themselves in its timeless cultural and historical importance.
Royal Legacy:
In the 11th century AD, Polonnaruwa was established as the capital of Sri Lanka, succeeding the decline of Anuradhapura.
The city’s reign as the capital lasted over two centuries and was ruled by various Sinhalese kings. This period saw significant development in architecture, irrigation systems, and art, making it a prosperous and culturally rich era in Sri Lankan history.
Parakramabahu I:
During his reign from 1153 to 1186 AD, King Parakramabahu I was known for his ambitious construction projects and contributions to developing Polonnaruwa into a thriving city.
His most notable achievement was the construction of vast reservoirs, with the Parakrama Samudra being the most prominent among them.
This reservoir, which spans over 2500 hectares of land, is still used for irrigation purposes today, showcasing the enduring impact of King Parakramabahu I’s visionary infrastructure initiatives.
Architectural Diversity:
The architectural style found in Polonnaruwa showcases a harmonious fusion of Sinhalese Buddhist traditions and the intricate influences of South Indian Dravidian architecture.
This unique blend is prominently displayed in the structural design and ornamentation of revered monuments such as the Vatadage and the Lankatilaka Temple.
Gal Vihara:
The Gal Vihara, situated within the Sacred Quadrangle in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka, is home to a remarkable display of Buddhist artistry.
Carved from a single granite rock face, the site features four exquisitely crafted Buddha statues in varying postures – a standing figure, a seated figure in deep meditation under the protection of the naga hood, a reclining figure representing the Buddha’s parinirvana, and a more petite seated figure thought to depict Ananda, a devoted disciple.
These awe-inspiring statues are celebrated as unparalleled masterpieces in Sinhalese Buddhist art, drawing visitors worldwide to witness their timeless beauty and spiritual significance.
Cultural Flourishing:
Polonnaruwa was a pivotal political and religious centre, boasting a vibrant culture and intellect. This thriving city was home to a community of scholars, artisans, and craftsmen whose collective contributions led to the golden age of literature, poetry, and architectural advancements during its peak.
Influence of Hinduism:
Polonnaruwa, a predominantly Buddhist city, also reveals significant Hindu influences in its religious and architectural heritage.
These influences are particularly evident in the design and construction of particular temples and in the coexistence of Hindu deities alongside Buddhist figures in various sculptures and carvings found throughout the city.
Decline and Abandonment:
During the 13th century, Polonnaruwa experienced a decline brought about by recurring invasions and internal conflicts. This turbulent period led to the eventual relocation of the capital, signifying the conclusion of Polonnaruwa’s era as a prominent political and cultural hub.
UNESCO World Heritage Site:
In 1982, Polonnaruwa was honoured with the prestigious designation of UNESCO World Heritage site.
This distinguished recognition was bestowed upon Polonnaruwa due to its exceptional universal value, signifying its deep-seated significance as an archaeological and cultural site of immense importance.
Tourism and Conservation:
Today, Polonnaruwa stands as a captivating tourist destination in Sri Lanka, drawing curious travellers from across the globe to immerse themselves in the splendour of its ancient ruins and delve into the depths of its rich history.
Continual and dedicated conservation endeavours work tirelessly to safeguard and uphold its archaeological riches, ensuring they endure for generations.
Living Heritage:
Despite its ancient origins, the city of Polonnaruwa still exudes the essence of its historical heritage, with its local communities embracing and preserving age-old traditions passed down over centuries.
This creates a tangible and deep-rooted link to the city’s rich past. These compelling facts underscore Polonnaruwa’s multifaceted history and cultural significance, rendering it an irresistible destination for travellers keen on delving into the ancient heritage of Sri Lanka.
“Polonnaruwa is a remarkable testament to the country’s rich ancient past. It provides a captivating glimpse into a bygone era characterised by grandeur and an advanced cultural milieu.
As visitors traverse the well-preserved ancient pathways of Polonnaruwa and stand in awe of its architectural marvels, they can’t help but feel transported back in time to an age of majestic kings and flourishing kingdoms.
The air is filled with the essence of a time when art, religion, and innovation thrived in perfect harmony.
For those yearning to delve deep into history and immerse themselves in Sri Lanka’s vibrant cultural tapestry, a visit to Polonnaruwa is indispensable. It offers an unforgettable journey through time, promising an immersive experience that will forever linger in one’s memory.
